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GNDU Question Paper-2024
B.A 2
nd
Semester
ENGLISH (Elective)
Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 75
Note: There are Eight questions of equal marks. Candidates are required to attempt any Four
questions.
SECTION-A
1. (a) Describe the following literary terms with examples: Point of view, Dramatic Monologue,
Burlesque, Metaphor. Hyperbole.
(b) Transcribe the following words: healthy, career, talent, madam, data.
2.(a) Describe the following literary terms with examples: Tragicomedy, Elegy. Poetic Justice,
Metaphor. Burlesque.
(b) Transcribe. the following words: garage, menu, rebel (n). idiot, wealthy.
SECTION-B
3.(a) Comment on the Prologue of the play with special reference to its contents.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) Who is a sentimental knave in the play? Explain.
(ii) Bring out the appropriateness of the title of the play 'The School For Scandal"..
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(iii) Explain the following dialogue with reference to context: Yet, Sir Peter Vows he has not equal in
England-and, above all, he praises him as a man of sentiment.
4. (a) Summarize the contents of Act II of the play 'The School For Scandal".
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) What purpose is served by the 'Towns and Country Magazine' in the play?
(ii) What are the amorous inclinations of Benjamin Backbite in the beginning of the play?
(iii) What are the observations of Sir Oliver on servants of the so- called rich people?
SECTION-C
5.(a) The School For Scandal focuses on gossip and slander as a social disease. Discuss.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) What light does the auction scene of portraits throw on the character of Charles? Is there
dramatic irony in the auction scene?
(ii) How is Sir Oliver mistaken for a Physician?
(iii) Explain the following dialogue with reference to context:
For Heaven! I find one's ancestors are more valuable than I took'em for!
6. (a) "The characters of 'The School For Scandal' are the representatives of their contemporary
society." How far do you agree with this statement? Explain.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) Write a note on the importance of money in the play "The School For Scandal".
(ii) How does the intrigue prepared by Lady Sneerwell and Joseph collapse in the last scene of the
play?
(iii) What kind of character revelation takes place in the screen scene of the play?
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SECTION-D
7.(a) How does Anand present untouchability as a social malaise corroding the souls of the
millions of untouchables like Bakha? What solution does he offer to the problems of
untouchability?
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) Comment on the ending of the novel, 'Untouchable'.
(ii) Describe the Hockey match episode in "Untouchable".
(iii) Describe Bakha as an ideal brother and a worthy son.
8. (a) Is Untouchable a tragedy or comedy? Explain.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) Describe the temple episode in "Untouchable".
(ii) Comment on the title of the novel, 'Untouchable'.
(iii) Describe The Touching Episode in "Untouchable".
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GNDU Answer Paper-2024
B.A 2
nd
Semester
ENGLISH (Elective)
Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 75
Note: There are Eight questions of equal marks. Candidates are required to attempt any Four
questions.
SECTION-A
1. (a) Describe the following literary terms with examples: Point of view, Dramatic Monologue,
Burlesque, Metaphor. Hyperbole.
(b) Transcribe the following words: healthy, career, talent, madam, data.
Ans: (a). (a) Literary Terms and Examples
1. Point of View
o The perspective from which a story is told.
o Example:
▪ First-person: "I walked to the store." (Narrator is part of the story)
▪ Third-person omniscient: "She walked to the store, unaware that someone
was watching." (Narrator knows everything)
2. Dramatic Monologue
o A speech by a single character in a dramatic setting, revealing their thoughts or
emotions.
o Example: Robert Browning's My Last Duchess, where the Duke speaks about his late
wife to an unseen listener.
3. Burlesque
o A literary work that humorously exaggerates or mocks a subject, often in a satirical
manner.
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o Example: The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope humorously treats a minor event
(a stolen lock of hair) as a grand epic.
4. Metaphor
o A figure of speech comparing two unrelated things without using "like" or "as."
o Example: "Time is a thief." (Time is compared to a thief because it takes moments
away from life.)
5. Hyperbole
o An extreme exaggeration for emphasis or humor.
o Example: "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse!" (Obviously, no one can eat a whole
horse.)
(b) Transcribe the following words: healthy, career, talent, madam, data.
Ans: 1. Healthy → /ˈhɛl.θi/
2. Career → /kəˈrɪr/
3. Talent → /ˈtæl.ənt/
4. Madam → /ˈmæ.dəm/
5. Data → /ˈdeɪ.tə/ (American English) or /ˈdæ.tə/ (British English)
2.(a) Describe the following literary terms with examples: Tragicomedy, Elegy. Poetic Justice,
Metaphor. Burlesque.
(b) Transcribe. the following words: garage, menu, rebel (n). idiot, wealthy.
Ans: (a) Literary Terms with Examples
1. Tragicomedy – A literary work that blends elements of both tragedy and comedy. It may
have serious situations that lead to a happy or unexpected resolution.
o Example: Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice—it has tragic elements (Antonio's
potential loss) but ends on a positive note with reconciliations and marriages.
2. Elegy – A poem or song expressing sorrow for someone who has died. It often reflects on
loss, mourning, and consolation.
o Example: Thomas Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard mourns the lives of
unknown rural people.
3. Poetic Justice – A situation in literature where virtue is rewarded, and vice is punished in a
fitting way.
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o Example: In Shakespeare's King Lear, the evil characters (Regan, Goneril, and
Edmund) meet tragic ends, while the good characters receive redemption or
recognition.
4. Metaphor – A figure of speech that compares two unlike things without using "like" or "as."
o Example: "Time is a thief" (Time is indirectly compared to a thief because it takes
away moments of life).
5. Burlesque – A literary or dramatic work that mocks or exaggerates a subject in a humorous
or satirical way.
o Example: Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock humorously exaggerates a trivial
event (a stolen lock of hair) using the grand style of epic poetry.
(b) Transcribe. the following words: garage, menu, rebel (n). idiot, wealthy.
Ans: (b) Phonetic Transcription of Words (Using IPA)
1. Garage – /ɡəˈrɑːʒ/ (American) or /ˈɡærɑːʒ/ (British)
2. Menu – /ˈmen.juː/
3. Rebel (noun) – /ˈreb.əl/
4. Idiot – /ˈɪd.i.ət/
5. Wealthy – /ˈwel.θi/
SECTION-B
3.(a) Comment on the Prologue of the play with special reference to its contents.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) Who is a sentimental knave in the play? Explain.
(ii) Bring out the appropriateness of the title of the play 'The School For Scandal"..
(iii) Explain the following dialogue with reference to context: Yet, Sir Peter Vows he has not equal in
England-and, above all, he praises him as a man of sentiment.
Ans: (a). Introduction to the Prologue
The prologue of a play serves as an introduction to the story. It is usually delivered by a character or
a chorus and provides essential background information, setting the stage for the main events. In
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many classical plays, the prologue helps the audience understand the themes, mood, and
expectations of the story.
In Shakespearean and other Elizabethan plays, the prologue is often written in poetic form, such as
a sonnet, and is meant to capture the audience's attention while giving them a brief preview of the
play’s plot. The prologue plays a crucial role in establishing the tone and inviting the audience into
the world of the drama.
Purpose and Function of the Prologue
The prologue serves multiple purposes in a play:
1. Introducing the Main Theme – It highlights the central idea of the play, ensuring that the
audience understands the deeper message.
2. Setting the Scene – It provides background information, including time, place, and
important historical or situational context.
3. Creating Curiosity – It arouses interest in the play and makes the audience eager to watch
the unfolding drama.
4. Establishing Mood and Tone – The choice of words and structure help in setting the
emotional tone, whether tragic, comedic, or dramatic.
5. Providing Clarity – The prologue ensures that viewers have a basic understanding of the
plot, preventing confusion.
Example: Prologue in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet
One of the most famous prologues in English drama is the one from Romeo and Juliet, written as a
sonnet:
Two households, both alike in dignity,
In fair Verona, where we lay our scene,
From ancient grudge break to new mutiny,
Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean.
This prologue introduces the central conflict—two noble families in Verona are feuding. It also hints
at the tragic fate of the lovers and prepares the audience for a serious and emotional story.
Content Analysis of the Prologue
The content of a prologue varies depending on the play, but it generally includes the following key
elements:
1. Introduction to Characters – The prologue may mention or hint at the main characters and
their relationships.
2. Overview of the Conflict – The prologue usually explains the central problem or tension that
drives the story.
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3. Hints at the Ending – In many plays, particularly tragedies, the prologue foreshadows the
fate of the characters.
4. Thematic Elements – The prologue introduces major themes, such as love, betrayal,
revenge, fate, or power.
5. Narrative Style – The tone and style of the prologue reflect the type of play—whether it is
tragic, comic, or a mixture of both.
Understanding the Prologue Through Analogies
To better understand the role of a prologue, consider the analogy of a movie trailer. Just as a movie
trailer gives the audience a glimpse of what to expect without revealing too much, the prologue
serves as a brief preview of the play. It provides necessary details, sets the mood, and sparks
curiosity.
Another analogy is that of a book's introduction. Before diving into the story, an author may include
an introduction to give the reader context about the plot, characters, and themes. Similarly, a
prologue helps the audience connect with the play before the main events begin.
The Prologue as a Guide for the Audience
A well-written prologue helps the audience engage with the play by preparing them for the story's
development. Without it, viewers might struggle to understand the plot, especially if the play
involves complex themes, historical settings, or multiple characters.
For instance, in Romeo and Juliet, the prologue informs the audience that the lovers are doomed
from the beginning. This knowledge creates dramatic irony—where the audience knows something
the characters do not—making the story even more compelling. Every action the characters take
feels more significant because the audience is aware of their inevitable fate.
The Prologue’s Role in Different Types of Plays
The way a prologue is used can vary depending on the type of play:
• Tragedies – The prologue often foreshadows doom and disaster, preparing the audience for
an emotional experience.
• Comedies – It may set up a humorous misunderstanding or introduce the characters in a
lighthearted way.
• Histories – It often provides necessary background information about historical events and
figures.
• Fantasy or Mythological Plays – The prologue may establish a magical or mythical setting,
helping the audience suspend disbelief.
Modern Use of the Prologue
While prologues were common in classical and Elizabethan drama, they are less frequently used in
modern plays. However, similar techniques are still present in movies, books, and television series.
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A voiceover narration, an introductory scene, or a written explanation at the beginning of a film
serves the same purpose as a prologue in a play.
For example, in Star Wars, the scrolling text at the beginning of the movie functions like a prologue,
providing essential background information about the story. This helps viewers understand the
conflict and setting before the main action begins.
Conclusion
The prologue is an essential part of many plays, acting as a bridge between the audience and the
story. It introduces key themes, characters, and conflicts while setting the mood and tone. By
providing this foundation, the prologue helps the audience engage with the play more deeply and
enhances their overall experience.
In classic plays like Romeo and Juliet, the prologue serves as a roadmap, guiding the audience
through the unfolding drama. It remains a powerful literary tool, demonstrating how a brief
introduction can shape the way a story is perceived and understood.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) Who is a sentimental knave in the play? Explain.
(ii) Bring out the appropriateness of the title of the play 'The School For Scandal"..
(iii) Explain the following dialogue with reference to context: Yet, Sir Peter Vows he has not equal in
England-and, above all, he praises him as a man of sentiment.
Ans: (i) Who is a sentimental knave in the play? Explain.
In The School for Scandal, the phrase "sentimental knave" can be applied to Joseph Surface. He is a
hypocritical and cunning character who pretends to be virtuous and morally upright while secretly
engaging in deceitful and selfish acts.
Joseph Surface presents himself as a man of sentiment—someone who values emotions, morality,
and virtue. He pretends to be sensitive and refined, always speaking about the importance of
morality and good conduct. However, his actions reveal his true nature as a manipulative and
deceitful person. He schemes behind people's backs, tries to seduce Lady Teazle, and plots against
his own brother, Charles Surface, to inherit their uncle Sir Oliver's wealth.
One instance that highlights his hypocrisy is when he tries to convince Lady Teazle to have an affair
with him while maintaining a facade of respectability. He speaks about virtue but does not practice
it himself. Similarly, while Charles is seen as reckless and irresponsible, he is actually more genuine
and kind-hearted than Joseph, proving that Joseph is the real villain.
Joseph's character is an example of Sheridan's criticism of people who pretend to be good but act
otherwise. Through Joseph Surface, Sheridan exposes the hypocrisy of society, where some
individuals claim to be virtuous while secretly engaging in immoral behavior.
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(ii) Bring out the appropriateness of the title of the play The School for Scandal.
The title The School for Scandal is highly appropriate because it reflects the central theme of the
play—gossip, deception, and the spread of scandal in high society. The play is set in a world where
people are more interested in spreading rumors and ruining reputations than in truth and honesty.
The term "school" suggests a place where people learn or are trained in something. In this play, the
upper-class characters seem to have mastered the art of gossiping and scandal-mongering, making
society itself a kind of "school" that teaches and promotes scandal. Lady Sneerwell, for example, is
one of the main characters who thrives on gossip and manipulates others to create trouble. She,
along with others like Snake and Mrs. Candour, enjoys making up false stories about people to ruin
their reputations.
Another reason the title is fitting is that almost every character, except for a few like Charles Surface
and Sir Oliver, participates in some form of gossip, deception, or pretense. The play shows how
rumors and deceit can destroy lives and how people judge others based on appearances rather than
reality.
Sheridan uses satire to highlight the dangers of scandal and hypocrisy. By choosing this title, he
warns audiences about the destructive nature of gossip and teaches an important lesson: true
virtue is not about pretending to be good but actually being good. The play, therefore, serves as
both entertainment and a moral lesson about honesty and sincerity.
(iii) Explain the following dialogue with reference to context: "Yet, Sir Peter vows he has not equal
in England—and, above all, he praises him as a man of sentiment."
This dialogue is spoken by Rowley in The School for Scandal. To understand its meaning, we must
look at the context in which it is spoken and analyze its significance in the play.
Reference to Context: This line appears in Act I, Scene I, where Sir Peter Teazle, Rowley, and Sir
Oliver Surface discuss the contrasting personalities of the two Surface brothers—Charles and
Joseph. Sir Peter believes that Joseph is a noble, virtuous, and well-mannered gentleman, while
Charles is irresponsible and reckless. Sir Peter admires Joseph greatly and calls him a "man of
sentiment," meaning someone who is thoughtful, sensitive, and morally upright.
Explanation: However, as the play progresses, we see that Sir Peter's judgment is flawed. While he
believes Joseph to be the perfect gentleman, the audience knows that Joseph is actually a
hypocrite. He deceives people by pretending to be kind and virtuous while secretly plotting against
others.
The phrase "man of sentiment" is ironic because Joseph is anything but sincere. He uses sentimental
speeches and moralistic talk to maintain a good image, but his actions show his true selfish and
deceitful nature. The audience, unlike Sir Peter, sees Joseph for who he truly is, which adds to the
dramatic irony of the play.
This dialogue is important because it highlights a major theme in the play—the contrast between
appearance and reality. Many characters judge others based on outward behavior rather than their
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true nature. This misjudgment leads to misunderstandings and conflicts, making it a key element in
the plot of The School for Scandal.
Conclusion: This line serves as a reminder that people are not always what they seem. Through
Joseph Surface’s character, Sheridan criticizes those who pretend to be virtuous while engaging in
unethical behavior. The play encourages audiences to look beyond appearances and recognize true
goodness rather than being deceived by empty words and false sentimentality.
4. (a) Summarize the contents of Act II of the play 'The School For Scandal".
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) What purpose is served by the 'Towns and Country Magazine' in the play?
(ii) What are the amorous inclinations of Benjamin Backbite in the beginning of the play?
(iii) What are the observations of Sir Oliver on servants of the so- called rich people?
Ans: (a). The School for Scandal is a famous comedy of manners written by Richard Brinsley
Sheridan. It satirizes the hypocrisy, gossip, and superficiality of the upper-class society of the 18th
century. In Act II, the story unfolds further, introducing us to key events that shape the play’s
progression.
Scene I: Sir Peter and Lady Teazle’s Argument
Act II opens with a quarrel between Sir Peter Teazle and his much younger wife, Lady Teazle. Sir
Peter, an older and wealthy man, married Lady Teazle hoping for a peaceful and loving relationship.
However, their marriage is anything but peaceful. Lady Teazle, who came from a humble
background, has quickly adapted to the extravagant and gossipy lifestyle of London’s high society.
Sir Peter complains that Lady Teazle spends too much money on unnecessary luxuries, such as
fashionable clothes and expensive accessories. He expresses frustration that she has been
influenced by the society of scandal-mongers, especially Lady Sneerwell and her circle. Lady Teazle,
on the other hand, defends herself and argues that since she is now married to a rich man, she has
every right to enjoy the pleasures of high society. She mocks Sir Peter for being old-fashioned and
controlling.
This argument highlights the contrast between their personalities—Sir Peter is practical and
conservative, while Lady Teazle is playful and enjoys her newfound social status. Their relationship
represents the clash between tradition and modernity in 18th-century English society.
Scene II: Gossip at Lady Sneerwell’s House
The second scene takes us to Lady Sneerwell’s house, where a group of characters indulges in
gossip. Lady Sneerwell is a wealthy widow who thrives on spreading rumors. She is joined by her
accomplice, Snake, as well as Sir Benjamin Backbite and his uncle, Crabtree. These characters
represent the corrupt and shallow nature of high society, where gossip and slander are common.
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The main topic of discussion is the love triangle involving Charles Surface, his brother Joseph
Surface, and Maria, Sir Peter’s wealthy ward. Maria is in love with Charles, but Joseph, who
pretends to be virtuous and honorable, secretly wants to marry Maria for her fortune. Lady
Sneerwell, who is also interested in Charles, conspires to ruin his reputation so that Maria will reject
him.
Sir Benjamin and Crabtree contribute to the conversation by exaggerating and twisting facts,
making the gossip even more malicious. They poke fun at various members of society,
demonstrating how easily rumors spread and how reputations can be destroyed without any real
evidence.
Scene III: Maria Rejects Joseph Surface
Maria arrives at Lady Sneerwell’s house and becomes uncomfortable with the ongoing gossip. She is
a kind and honest young woman who dislikes slander and false rumors. Lady Sneerwell and Joseph
try to convince Maria that Charles is reckless and unworthy of her love, but Maria remains loyal to
Charles. She expresses her disapproval of the scandalous discussions and refuses to entertain any
thoughts of abandoning Charles.
Joseph, pretending to be virtuous, tries to appear as the better choice for Maria. He acts polite and
kind, but his true intentions are selfish—he only wants Maria’s wealth. Despite his efforts, Maria
does not trust him and rejects his advances. This scene reinforces the theme of hypocrisy, as Joseph
presents himself as a moral person while secretly being deceitful.
Scene IV: Sir Peter and Joseph’s Conversation
The final scene of Act II features a conversation between Sir Peter Teazle and Joseph Surface. Sir
Peter, who is unaware of Joseph’s true nature, believes that Joseph is a virtuous and honorable
young man. He even considers Joseph to be the perfect match for Maria, thinking that Charles is
irresponsible and unworthy.
Sir Peter confides in Joseph about his troubled marriage with Lady Teazle. Joseph pretends to
sympathize with Sir Peter, but he secretly has his own interests in mind. In reality, Joseph has been
flirting with Lady Teazle behind Sir Peter’s back, further proving his hypocrisy.
As the conversation continues, Sir Peter expresses his frustration with Charles and praises Joseph.
He tells Joseph that he would prefer Maria to marry him instead of Charles. Joseph, of course,
encourages this idea, as it aligns with his personal goals.
Key Themes in Act II
1. Gossip and Hypocrisy – The scenes at Lady Sneerwell’s house highlight how easily false
rumors spread and how people manipulate the truth for their own benefit. Joseph Surface
embodies hypocrisy, pretending to be virtuous while being deceitful.
2. Marriage and Social Expectations – The conflict between Sir Peter and Lady Teazle reflects
the challenges of marriage, particularly when two people have different values and
expectations. Their relationship represents the struggle between traditional values and the
allure of high society.
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3. The Contrast Between Charles and Joseph Surface – While Charles is portrayed as flawed
but genuine, Joseph is depicted as a hypocrite who pretends to be moral. This contrast sets
up the central conflict of the play.
Analogies and Examples for Better Understanding
• The gossip in the play can be compared to modern-day social media, where false rumors and
scandals spread quickly, damaging reputations.
• The relationship between Sir Peter and Lady Teazle is similar to a wealthy older man
marrying a young woman who suddenly gains access to luxury and high society, leading to
conflicts.
• Joseph Surface can be compared to a politician who publicly preaches morality but secretly
engages in corruption.
Conclusion
Act II of The School for Scandal plays a crucial role in developing the central themes of the play.
The act highlights the destructive nature of gossip, the hypocrisy of so-called virtuous individuals,
and the conflict between personal desires and social expectations. Through witty dialogue and
satirical portrayals, Sheridan exposes the flaws of high society in a way that remains relevant even
today.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) What purpose is served by the 'Towns and Country Magazine' in the play?
(ii) What are the amorous inclinations of Benjamin Backbite in the beginning of the play?
(iii) What are the observations of Sir Oliver on servants of the so- called rich people?
Ans: (i) What purpose is served by the 'Towns and Country Magazine' in the play?
In The School for Scandal, the Towns and Country Magazine serves as an important symbol of the
spread of gossip and scandal in high society. This magazine was a real publication in the 18th
century that often contained gossip, sensational news, and stories about the aristocracy. In the
play, it represents how rumors and scandals were spread in society, affecting people's reputations
and social standing.
Sheridan uses the magazine to highlight the destructive power of gossip and the hypocrisy of
those who thrive on it. The characters in the play, particularly Lady Sneerwell and her circle, are
heavily involved in creating and spreading scandal, just like a gossip magazine does. They
manipulate stories and distort the truth to harm others while maintaining their own social image.
For example, Lady Sneerwell and her associate, Snake, deliberately spread false rumors to damage
the reputation of others. In this way, the Towns and Country Magazine reflects the play’s central
theme of deception and the contrast between appearance and reality.
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In a modern context, this magazine can be compared to today’s tabloid newspapers and social
media platforms, where false stories and exaggerated claims about celebrities and public figures
are often published. Just as the Towns and Country Magazine fueled gossip in Sheridan’s time,
modern tabloids and online gossip sites influence public opinion today.
(ii) What are the amorous inclinations of Benjamin Backbite in the beginning of the play?
Benjamin Backbite is a comic character in the play who embodies the theme of superficial flattery
and insincere romantic pursuits. In the beginning of the play, he presents himself as a charming
and sophisticated gentleman who is interested in winning the affection of Maria, the young ward
of Sir Peter Teazle. However, his intentions are far from genuine.
Backbite’s name itself is symbolic. “Backbite” suggests someone who talks negatively about others
behind their backs, which is exactly what he does throughout the play. While he claims to be in
love with Maria, his actions suggest that his main interest is in boosting his own reputation rather
than forming a sincere relationship.
His pursuit of Maria is marked by exaggerated flattery and poetic declarations, but these lack true
emotion. For instance, he tries to impress others with his wit and intelligence rather than
expressing real feelings for Maria. Additionally, his pursuit is more about self-promotion than
genuine affection, as he enjoys making grand, boastful statements about his romantic skills.
Maria, however, sees through his false charm and is not impressed by him. She values honesty and
sincerity, which is why she prefers Charles Surface, who, despite his flaws, is a more genuine and
kind-hearted person. Backbite’s role in the play is to satirize people who use empty words and
exaggerated behavior to appear more appealing than they really are.
A modern comparison to Benjamin Backbite would be someone who constantly seeks attention on
social media by posting overly romantic messages or dramatic declarations of love, but whose
actions do not match their words. His character highlights the theme of pretense versus reality,
which is central to The School for Scandal.
(iii) What are the observations of Sir Oliver on servants of the so-called rich people?
Sir Oliver Surface is an important character in the play, representing wisdom, fairness, and true
moral values. His observations about the servants of the so-called rich people reflect one of the
play’s major themes: the contrast between genuine goodness and superficial appearances.
Sir Oliver, who has been away from England for many years, decides to test the character of his
two nephews, Charles and Joseph Surface, before deciding who should inherit his fortune. In
disguise, he visits their homes and closely observes how they treat their servants, which provides
insight into their true personalities.
Through these interactions, Sir Oliver notices an important truth: the way a person treats their
servants often reflects their true nature. Joseph Surface, who presents himself as a moral and
respectable man, actually treats his servants with arrogance and insincerity. He maintains a
polished social image but lacks genuine kindness and humility. On the other hand, Charles Surface,
who is often seen as reckless and irresponsible, treats his servants with warmth and generosity.
He may be financially careless, but he has a kind heart and is respectful to those who work for him.
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For example, when Sir Oliver (disguised as a moneylender) visits Charles, he sees that Charles is
friendly and treats his servants with respect, even though he is financially irresponsible. This
convinces Sir Oliver that Charles is a good-hearted person who deserves his support.
This observation is still relevant today. In modern society, many people maintain a public image of
success and politeness, but their true character is often revealed in how they treat those in lower
positions, such as waiters, drivers, or domestic workers. A genuinely kind person will show respect
to everyone, regardless of their social status.
Sir Oliver’s observations reinforce the play’s message that true worth is found in character and
kindness, not just in wealth or outward respectability. Through these interactions, Sheridan
criticizes the hypocrisy of society, where people often judge others based on appearances rather
than their true values.
Conclusion
Each of these elements—the Towns and Country Magazine, Benjamin Backbite’s false romantic
pursuits, and Sir Oliver’s observations about servants—contributes to the central themes of The
School for Scandal: hypocrisy, deception, and the difference between appearance and reality.
Sheridan’s play remains relevant today because these themes are still present in modern society.
Gossip still influences public opinion, people still use flattery and deception for personal gain, and
true character is often revealed in small, unnoticed interactions rather than grand public gestures.
By understanding these elements in detail, we can appreciate how Sheridan’s play is not just a
comedy but also a sharp social critique that encourages us to look beyond appearances and value
sincerity and kindness in others.
SECTION-C
5.(a) The School For Scandal focuses on gossip and slander as a social disease. Discuss.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) What light does the auction scene of portraits throw on the character of Charles? Is there
dramatic irony in the auction scene?
(ii) How is Sir Oliver mistaken for a Physician?
(iii) Explain the following dialogue with reference to context:
For Heaven! I find one's ancestors are more valuable than I took'em for!
Ans: (a). School For Scandal
The School for Scandal: Gossip and Slander as a Social Disease
Richard Brinsley Sheridan’s play The School for Scandal is one of the most famous English comedies
of manners. Written in the 18th century, this play offers a sharp critique of the society of the time,
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especially focusing on the destructive power of gossip and slander. The play portrays how spreading
rumors, making false accusations, and indulging in idle talk can ruin reputations, break
relationships, and expose the hypocrisy of so-called respectable individuals. In this discussion, we
will explore how The School for Scandal presents gossip and slander as a social disease that infects
individuals and communities, leading to widespread harm.
The Role of Gossip in Society
Gossip has always been a part of human interactions, serving both positive and negative roles. On
one hand, it helps people stay informed about social matters, but on the other, it can be used to
manipulate, harm, or control others. In The School for Scandal, Sheridan presents a society obsessed
with gossip, where people eagerly share stories about others without caring about the truth. The
play highlights how gossip can spread quickly, affecting individuals and shaping public opinion,
much like a contagious disease.
One of the main sources of gossip in the play is Lady Sneerwell, a wealthy widow who enjoys
spreading false stories about others to damage their reputations. She collaborates with Joseph
Surface, a man who pretends to be virtuous but is actually deceitful. Together, they create rumors
and manipulate others for their own benefit. Through these characters, Sheridan demonstrates how
gossip is often spread by those with hidden agendas.
Slander as a Tool for Social Destruction
Slander, which involves making false and damaging statements about someone, is another major
theme in The School for Scandal. Unlike casual gossip, slander is intentional and aimed at ruining a
person’s name. The play shows that slander can be used as a weapon to gain social advantage,
destroy rivals, or simply entertain those who enjoy others’ misfortunes.
The character of Lady Sneerwell represents how slander is used strategically. She spreads lies about
Charles Surface, one of the play’s protagonists, to turn his love interest, Maria, against him. By
doing this, she hopes to win Charles for herself. This act of slander does not only harm Charles but
also causes distress to Maria and complicates relationships between several characters. Sheridan
uses this situation to demonstrate how slander creates unnecessary conflict and suffering.
The Scandalous Circle
The play features a group of characters who are obsessed with spreading and listening to gossip.
This group, known as the “Scandalous Circle,” includes characters like Lady Sneerwell, Mrs.
Candour, and Sir Benjamin Backbite. They take pleasure in talking about others, often exaggerating
stories to make them more dramatic. Their behavior reflects the way gossip can thrive in social
settings where people value entertainment over truth.
Sheridan portrays the Scandalous Circle as a reflection of the broader society, showing how people
often prioritize rumors over reality. The more scandalous the story, the more attention it receives.
This idea is still relevant today, as modern social media platforms have made it easier for rumors to
spread quickly, sometimes without any verification. Just as in The School for Scandal, people today
can have their reputations ruined by false accusations and misleading stories.
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The Impact on the Victims
One of the most powerful messages in the play is how gossip and slander affect their victims.
Charles Surface, despite being a good-hearted and generous man, is targeted by false rumors that
make him appear reckless and irresponsible. Meanwhile, his brother, Joseph Surface, pretends to
be moral and upright but is actually dishonest. This contrast highlights how people can be judged
unfairly based on rumors rather than their true character.
Sir Peter Teazle, another character, also suffers due to gossip. His young wife, Lady Teazle, is drawn
into the world of scandal, leading to misunderstandings and conflicts in their marriage. Eventually,
she realizes the dangers of being part of the gossiping society and decides to change. Through her
transformation, Sheridan shows that individuals can free themselves from the negative effects of
gossip if they recognize its harmful nature.
The Play’s Message: Gossip as a Disease
Sheridan uses humor and satire to compare gossip and slander to a disease that spreads easily and
infects people’s minds. Just as a contagious illness can weaken a person’s body, gossip can destroy
trust, relationships, and reputations. The play suggests that society must recognize and control this
social disease before it causes too much damage.
In many ways, The School for Scandal serves as a warning. It reminds audiences that indulging in
gossip and slander can have real consequences. While the play is comedic, its message is serious:
words have power, and they should be used responsibly.
Relevance Today
Though The School for Scandal was written in the 18th century, its themes remain relevant today.
Social media, online forums, and tabloids often spread rumors in ways similar to the Scandalous
Circle in the play. People’s reputations can be destroyed within moments due to false information
or exaggerated claims. The ease with which misinformation spreads today makes Sheridan’s
warning more important than ever.
A modern example of this can be seen in celebrity scandals, where false news about famous
individuals spreads rapidly, sometimes leading to public backlash or even career damage.
Additionally, in personal and professional settings, workplace gossip can create toxic environments,
causing stress and misunderstandings among colleagues. These examples show that gossip and
slander are not just issues of the past but ongoing social problems.
Conclusion
In The School for Scandal, Sheridan effectively portrays gossip and slander as a dangerous social
disease that infects individuals and communities. Through sharp wit, satire, and memorable
characters, he illustrates the destructive power of false rumors and malicious talk. The play serves
as both a comedy and a lesson, urging audiences to be mindful of how they speak about others. By
presenting the consequences of gossip and slander, Sheridan encourages society to value truth,
integrity, and kindness over idle talk and deception. The play’s message is timeless: before
spreading a rumor, one should consider its potential harm, for words, once spoken, cannot be taken
back.
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(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) What light does the auction scene of portraits throw on the character of Charles? Is there
dramatic irony in the auction scene?
(ii) How is Sir Oliver mistaken for a Physician?
(iii) Explain the following dialogue with reference to context:
For Heaven! I find one's ancestors are more valuable than I took'em for!
Ans: (i) What light does the auction scene of portraits throw on the character of Charles? Is there
dramatic irony in the auction scene?
The auction scene of the portraits is one of the most important scenes in The School for Scandal, as
it reveals Charles Surface’s true character. In this scene, Charles decides to sell off the portraits of
his ancestors to raise money, despite their sentimental value. However, his behavior during the
auction tells us a lot about his personality.
What the Auction Scene Reveals About Charles
1. He is Carefree but Good-Hearted: Charles is often seen as reckless and irresponsible with
money, but in this scene, we see that he is not completely heartless. He does not hesitate to
sell his ancestors’ portraits, but he refuses to sell the portrait of his uncle, Sir Oliver, whom
he respects deeply. This shows that despite his financial struggles, he values personal
relationships.
2. He Has a Sense of Humor: During the auction, Charles jokes about the portraits, making fun
of his ancestors. This shows that he does not take things too seriously. However, his
humorous attitude also suggests that he does not completely understand the value of
tradition and family heritage.
3. He Is Generous: When the disguised Sir Oliver (who is pretending to be a moneylender
named "Premium") offers to buy the portraits, Charles sells them but insists on keeping the
frame of his uncle’s picture. This small act demonstrates his love and respect for Sir Oliver,
even though he does not know that the man in front of him is actually his uncle in disguise.
4. He Is Honest: Unlike his brother Joseph, Charles does not pretend to be something he is not.
He openly admits his financial troubles and does not try to hide his debts or bad habits. Even
when he is selling his ancestors’ portraits, he does so honestly without deception.
Dramatic Irony in the Auction Scene
Dramatic irony occurs when the audience knows something that the characters do not. In this
scene, there is dramatic irony because:
• The audience knows that "Mr. Premium" is actually Sir Oliver in disguise. However, Charles
has no idea that he is selling his family portraits to his own uncle.
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• The audience also knows that Sir Oliver is testing Charles to see whether he is worthy of
receiving his inheritance. Charles, on the other hand, believes he is just dealing with a
regular moneylender.
This irony adds humor to the play and also increases the emotional impact when Sir Oliver later
reveals his true identity. The audience enjoys watching Charles unknowingly impress his uncle by
showing his kindness and honesty.
(ii) How is Sir Oliver mistaken for a Physician?
Sir Oliver is mistaken for a physician because of a disguise he uses in the play. This happens when he
visits Joseph Surface’s house to test his nephew’s character.
How the Confusion Happens
1. Sir Oliver's Disguise: Earlier in the play, Sir Oliver disguises himself as "Mr. Premium," a
moneylender, to test Charles. After that, he disguises himself again—this time as "Stanley," a
poor relative—to test Joseph Surface.
2. Joseph’s Plan to Hide Lady Teazle: At the same time, Joseph is in a tricky situation. He has
been flirting with Lady Teazle, but when her husband, Sir Peter, arrives unexpectedly, Joseph
panics. To hide Lady Teazle, he tells her to hide behind a screen in the room.
3. Sir Peter’s Suspicion: Sir Peter, who trusts Joseph completely, comes to discuss his marital
problems. But soon, another visitor arrives—Sir Oliver in disguise as "Stanley." Sir Peter does
not recognize him and asks who he is.
4. Joseph’s Quick Lie: Because Joseph is afraid of being caught in his deception, he quickly tells
Sir Peter that the man (Sir Oliver) is a "Dr. Stanley," a physician. He hopes this lie will keep Sir
Peter from asking too many questions.
5. The Mistaken Identity: Sir Oliver, who is in disguise and trying to play along, is surprised but
goes along with the deception for the time being. The situation creates a lot of humor
because the audience knows the truth, but the characters are confused.
This moment is a great example of situational irony, where unexpected events cause
misunderstandings. It also highlights Joseph’s quick thinking and his tendency to lie to get out of
trouble, further proving his dishonest nature.
(iii) Explain the following dialogue with reference to context:
"For Heaven! I find one's ancestors are more valuable than I took 'em for!"
This line is spoken by Charles Surface in The School for Scandal during the auction scene when he is
selling his family portraits.
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Context of the Dialogue
1. Who Says It? – Charles Surface
2. When? – During the auction scene, while he is selling the portraits of his ancestors to the
disguised Sir Oliver.
3. Why? – He is surprised to see how much money people are willing to pay for his ancestors’
portraits.
Meaning of the Dialogue
Charles is making a humorous observation. He always thought that his ancestors were just old-
fashioned figures of the past, but now that he is selling their portraits, he realizes they are actually
worth a lot of money.
This statement is sarcastic and ironic because:
• Charles never really valued his ancestors before, but now he is benefiting financially from
them.
• The audience knows that the person buying the portraits is actually Sir Oliver in disguise,
adding dramatic irony to the situation.
Deeper Meaning and Themes
• Materialism vs. Sentiment: The scene contrasts material value (selling the portraits for
money) with sentimental value (respecting family heritage). Charles, despite selling the
portraits, keeps his uncle’s frame, showing that he does have some sense of loyalty.
• Criticism of Society: The line also highlights a theme in the play—how people in society
often value things for their monetary worth rather than their true significance.
• Foreshadowing: This statement foreshadows how Charles will later prove himself to be a
good person, despite his reckless behavior.
Example and Analogy
Imagine you have an old family album that you don’t think much about. But then one day, someone
offers you a large sum of money for one of the pictures. Suddenly, you start seeing value in
something you previously ignored. That’s exactly what happens with Charles—he never paid much
attention to his ancestors until he realized they could make him rich.
Conclusion
These three questions give us important insights into the characters and themes of The School for
Scandal. The auction scene reveals Charles's true nature—he is reckless but kind-hearted, honest,
and ultimately worthy of Sir Oliver’s trust. The case of mistaken identity shows Joseph’s dishonesty
and quick thinking. Finally, Charles’s humorous remark about his ancestors highlights one of the key
themes of the play—the conflict between money and morality.
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This play remains relevant today because it explores human nature in a humorous yet insightful
way, showing how appearances can be deceiving and how true character is revealed through
actions rather than words.
6. (a) "The characters of 'The School For Scandal' are the representatives of their contemporary
society." How far do you agree with this statement? Explain.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) Write a note on the importance of money in the play "The School For Scandal".
(ii) How does the intrigue prepared by Lady Sneerwell and Joseph collapse in the last scene of the
play?
(iii) What kind of character revelation takes place in the screen scene of the play?
Ans: (a). The Characters of 'The School for Scandal' as Representatives of Their Contemporary Society
Richard Brinsley Sheridan’s play The School for Scandal was first performed in 1777, during the 18th
century, a time when British society was deeply influenced by aristocratic lifestyles, gossip, and
moral hypocrisy. The play is a satire that mocks the superficiality and double standards of the upper
class. Sheridan creates characters who are not just individuals but also representatives of the social
trends, values, and flaws of the time. In this essay, we will explore how the characters in The School
for Scandal reflect their contemporary society and what Sheridan aimed to criticize through them.
The Society of the 18th Century
Before analyzing the characters, it is important to understand the social environment in which they
existed. The late 18th century was an era of high social class divisions, where the aristocracy and
wealthy classes had a dominant influence over politics, culture, and morality. However, this society
was also marked by hypocrisy, where people pretended to be virtuous and respectable while
secretly engaging in scandalous behavior. Gossip was a powerful tool, and reputations could be
easily destroyed by rumors, often spread by people who themselves were involved in immoral
activities. Sheridan uses his play to highlight these issues, making fun of how easily people were
deceived by appearances.
Characters as Representatives of Society
Each character in The School for Scandal embodies certain aspects of 18th-century society. Some
represent the culture of gossip and superficiality, while others stand for honesty, integrity, and
moral values. Let’s analyze some of the key characters and their roles in representing their society.
1. Lady Sneerwell – The Gossiping Elite
Lady Sneerwell is the central figure in the play’s “scandalous school.” She thrives on gossip and
manipulates others for her own advantage. She represents the segment of society that was
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obsessed with spreading rumors and ruining reputations. Her very name, “Sneerwell,” suggests her
nature—someone who sneers at others and enjoys their downfall.
In the 18th century, many aristocrats found entertainment in talking about others' personal affairs,
often exaggerating or fabricating stories. This practice was so common that coffee houses and
salons became centers of gossip. Lady Sneerwell embodies this toxic culture. Through her, Sheridan
criticizes the hypocrisy of those who destroy others' reputations while pretending to be
respectable.
2. Joseph Surface – The Hypocritical Moral Preacher
Joseph Surface is perhaps the best example of hypocrisy in the play. He pretends to be virtuous and
noble, but in reality, he is selfish and deceitful. He represents the people in society who talk about
morality and virtue but do not practice them.
During the 18th century, many public figures and aristocrats claimed to uphold high moral
standards, yet privately they engaged in corruption, infidelity, and dishonesty. Joseph’s character
serves as a satire of such people. Sheridan shows that society often values appearances more than
true character, as Joseph is admired for his supposed virtue while his brother, Charles, is looked
down upon despite being genuinely kind and honest.
3. Charles Surface – The Reckless but Honest Aristocrat
Charles Surface is the opposite of his brother, Joseph. He is reckless and enjoys gambling and
drinking, but he is also generous, kind, and sincere. He represents the youthful aristocrats of the
time who indulged in extravagance and led carefree lives. However, unlike many of his real-life
counterparts, Charles has a good heart and values true friendship and loyalty.
Through Charles, Sheridan presents the idea that true virtue is not about how one appears to
society but about how one treats others. He contrasts Charles with Joseph to emphasize that
honesty and kindness matter more than a false reputation of virtue.
4. Sir Peter Teazle – The Struggles of an Older Generation
Sir Peter Teazle is an elderly man who marries a much younger woman, Lady Teazle. He represents
the older generation of aristocrats who struggle to keep up with changing social norms and
behaviors. He is traditional and dislikes the gossip culture but finds himself trapped in it because of
his wife’s interests.
In the 18th century, it was common for wealthy older men to marry young women, often leading to
conflicts in expectations and lifestyles. Through Sir Peter, Sheridan satirizes the difficulties that arise
from such mismatched marriages and the generational divide between old values and new trends.
5. Lady Teazle – The Transformation of a Country Girl into a Socialite
Lady Teazle starts as a simple country girl but, after marrying Sir Peter, she becomes drawn to the
fashionable lifestyle of London, including gossip and scandal. She represents the young women of
the time who were eager to enter high society and adopt its habits, often abandoning their previous
values.
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However, Lady Teazle undergoes character development. By the end of the play, she realizes the
emptiness of the scandal-driven society and chooses to reconcile with her husband. Through her,
Sheridan suggests that people can change and recognize the superficiality of aristocratic culture.
6. Snake – The Corrupt and Opportunistic Middle-Class
Snake is a minor character but plays an important role in the play’s scandal-spreading business. He
forges letters and spreads false rumors for money. He represents the lower-middle-class individuals
who, rather than working honestly, chose corrupt means to gain wealth and status.
In the 18th century, many people made money by manipulating information and engaging in
dishonest activities. Sheridan uses Snake to expose this corrupt side of society.
Themes Reflected Through the Characters
The characters in The School for Scandal collectively highlight several major themes of 18th-century
society:
1. Hypocrisy – Many people pretended to be virtuous while leading immoral lives. Joseph
Surface and Lady Sneerwell embody this trait.
2. Gossip and Scandal – Society was obsessed with spreading rumors and destroying
reputations, as seen through Lady Sneerwell’s “school.”
3. The Value of True Virtue – Charles Surface, despite his flaws, is a better person than his
hypocritical brother, emphasizing the importance of honesty over appearance.
4. Generational Conflict – The struggles between Sir Peter and Lady Teazle highlight the
differences between old traditions and new trends.
5. The Influence of Wealth – Money played a major role in shaping people’s behavior, whether
in marriage (Sir Peter and Lady Teazle) or in corruption (Snake).
Conclusion
Sheridan’s The School for Scandal is more than just a comedy; it is a sharp critique of 18th-century
British society. Through his characters, he exposes the superficiality, hypocrisy, and moral
corruption of the aristocracy while also showing that true virtue comes from sincerity and kindness
rather than outward appearances.
The play remains relevant even today, as many of its themes—such as the destructive power of
gossip, the importance of integrity, and the influence of social reputation—continue to be
significant in modern society. By examining the characters of The School for Scandal, we gain insight
into the values and flaws of Sheridan’s time, making it a timeless piece of satirical literature.
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(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) Write a note on the importance of money in the play "The School For Scandal".
(ii) How does the intrigue prepared by Lady Sneerwell and Joseph collapse in the last scene of the
play?
(iii) What kind of character revelation takes place in the screen scene of the play?
Ans: (b). The Characters of 'The School for Scandal' as Representatives of Their Contemporary Society
Richard Brinsley Sheridan’s play The School for Scandal was first performed in 1777, during the 18th
century, a time when British society was deeply influenced by aristocratic lifestyles, gossip, and
moral hypocrisy. The play is a satire that mocks the superficiality and double standards of the upper
class. Sheridan creates characters who are not just individuals but also representatives of the social
trends, values, and flaws of the time. In this essay, we will explore how the characters in The School
for Scandal reflect their contemporary society and what Sheridan aimed to criticize through them.
The Society of the 18th Century
Before analyzing the characters, it is important to understand the social environment in which they
existed. The late 18th century was an era of high social class divisions, where the aristocracy and
wealthy classes had a dominant influence over politics, culture, and morality. However, this society
was also marked by hypocrisy, where people pretended to be virtuous and respectable while
secretly engaging in scandalous behavior. Gossip was a powerful tool, and reputations could be
easily destroyed by rumors, often spread by people who themselves were involved in immoral
activities. Sheridan uses his play to highlight these issues, making fun of how easily people were
deceived by appearances.
Characters as Representatives of Society
Each character in The School for Scandal embodies certain aspects of 18th-century society. Some
represent the culture of gossip and superficiality, while others stand for honesty, integrity, and
moral values. Let’s analyze some of the key characters and their roles in representing their society.
1. Lady Sneerwell – The Gossiping Elite
Lady Sneerwell is the central figure in the play’s “scandalous school.” She thrives on gossip and
manipulates others for her own advantage. She represents the segment of society that was
obsessed with spreading rumors and ruining reputations. Her very name, “Sneerwell,” suggests her
nature—someone who sneers at others and enjoys their downfall.
In the 18th century, many aristocrats found entertainment in talking about others' personal affairs,
often exaggerating or fabricating stories. This practice was so common that coffee houses and
salons became centers of gossip. Lady Sneerwell embodies this toxic culture. Through her, Sheridan
criticizes the hypocrisy of those who destroy others' reputations while pretending to be
respectable.
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2. Joseph Surface – The Hypocritical Moral Preacher
Joseph Surface is perhaps the best example of hypocrisy in the play. He pretends to be virtuous and
noble, but in reality, he is selfish and deceitful. He represents the people in society who talk about
morality and virtue but do not practice them.
During the 18th century, many public figures and aristocrats claimed to uphold high moral
standards, yet privately they engaged in corruption, infidelity, and dishonesty. Joseph’s character
serves as a satire of such people. Sheridan shows that society often values appearances more than
true character, as Joseph is admired for his supposed virtue while his brother, Charles, is looked
down upon despite being genuinely kind and honest.
3. Charles Surface – The Reckless but Honest Aristocrat
Charles Surface is the opposite of his brother, Joseph. He is reckless and enjoys gambling and
drinking, but he is also generous, kind, and sincere. He represents the youthful aristocrats of the
time who indulged in extravagance and led carefree lives. However, unlike many of his real-life
counterparts, Charles has a good heart and values true friendship and loyalty.
Through Charles, Sheridan presents the idea that true virtue is not about how one appears to
society but about how one treats others. He contrasts Charles with Joseph to emphasize that
honesty and kindness matter more than a false reputation of virtue.
4. Sir Peter Teazle – The Struggles of an Older Generation
Sir Peter Teazle is an elderly man who marries a much younger woman, Lady Teazle. He represents
the older generation of aristocrats who struggle to keep up with changing social norms and
behaviors. He is traditional and dislikes the gossip culture but finds himself trapped in it because of
his wife’s interests.
In the 18th century, it was common for wealthy older men to marry young women, often leading to
conflicts in expectations and lifestyles. Through Sir Peter, Sheridan satirizes the difficulties that arise
from such mismatched marriages and the generational divide between old values and new trends.
5. Lady Teazle – The Transformation of a Country Girl into a Socialite
Lady Teazle starts as a simple country girl but, after marrying Sir Peter, she becomes drawn to the
fashionable lifestyle of London, including gossip and scandal. She represents the young women of
the time who were eager to enter high society and adopt its habits, often abandoning their previous
values.
However, Lady Teazle undergoes character development. By the end of the play, she realizes the
emptiness of the scandal-driven society and chooses to reconcile with her husband. Through her,
Sheridan suggests that people can change and recognize the superficiality of aristocratic culture.
6. Snake – The Corrupt and Opportunistic Middle-Class
Snake is a minor character but plays an important role in the play’s scandal-spreading business. He
forges letters and spreads false rumors for money. He represents the lower-middle-class individuals
who, rather than working honestly, chose corrupt means to gain wealth and status.
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In the 18th century, many people made money by manipulating information and engaging in
dishonest activities. Sheridan uses Snake to expose this corrupt side of society.
Themes Reflected Through the Characters
The characters in The School for Scandal collectively highlight several major themes of 18th-century
society:
1. Hypocrisy – Many people pretended to be virtuous while leading immoral lives. Joseph
Surface and Lady Sneerwell embody this trait.
2. Gossip and Scandal – Society was obsessed with spreading rumors and destroying
reputations, as seen through Lady Sneerwell’s “school.”
3. The Value of True Virtue – Charles Surface, despite his flaws, is a better person than his
hypocritical brother, emphasizing the importance of honesty over appearance.
4. Generational Conflict – The struggles between Sir Peter and Lady Teazle highlight the
differences between old traditions and new trends.
5. The Influence of Wealth – Money played a major role in shaping people’s behavior, whether
in marriage (Sir Peter and Lady Teazle) or in corruption (Snake).
Conclusion
Sheridan’s The School for Scandal is more than just a comedy; it is a sharp critique of 18th-century
British society. Through his characters, he exposes the superficiality, hypocrisy, and moral
corruption of the aristocracy while also showing that true virtue comes from sincerity and kindness
rather than outward appearances.
The play remains relevant even today, as many of its themes—such as the destructive power of
gossip, the importance of integrity, and the influence of social reputation—continue to be
significant in modern society. By examining the characters of The School for Scandal, we gain insight
into the values and flaws of Sheridan’s time, making it a timeless piece of satirical literature.
SECTION-D
7.(a) How does Anand present untouchability as a social malaise corroding the souls of the
millions of untouchables like Bakha? What solution does he offer to the problems of
untouchability?
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) Comment on the ending of the novel, 'Untouchable'.
(ii) Describe the Hockey match episode in "Untouchable".
(iii) Describe Bakha as an ideal brother and a worthy son.
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Ans: Untouchability as a Social Malaise in Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable
Mulk Raj Anand, in his novel Untouchable, presents a powerful and moving portrayal of
untouchability as a deep-rooted social evil that affects millions of people in India. Through the
experiences of the protagonist, Bakha, Anand brings to light the inhuman treatment, suffering, and
humiliation faced by the so-called untouchables in Indian society. He not only highlights the
problem but also suggests possible solutions to eradicate untouchability.
Bakha’s Life: A Symbol of the Plight of Untouchables
Bakha, the central character of the novel, is a young boy from a sweeper caste. His job is to clean
latrines, a task considered impure by the upper-caste Hindus. Because of his caste, he is treated as
an outcast and is not allowed to live like an ordinary human being. He is forced to live in the
outskirts of the town in a dirty, segregated area, away from the upper-caste people.
From the very beginning, Anand describes Bakha’s miserable existence. He is forced to wake up
early and clean the toilets of the high-caste people. Despite his hard work and dedication, he is
treated with contempt and disgust. He is not allowed to enter temples, drink water from public
wells, or touch anything that belongs to upper-caste Hindus. If he accidentally comes into contact
with them, he is abused and punished. Through Bakha’s experiences, Anand makes it clear that
untouchability is not just about caste but also about the denial of basic human dignity and rights.
Humiliation and Psychological Trauma
One of the most heartbreaking aspects of untouchability that Anand presents is the psychological
trauma it causes to individuals like Bakha. The constant humiliation, the verbal and physical abuse,
and the lack of respect deeply affect his self-esteem. Bakha wishes to be like the British, whom he
admires for their cleanliness, fairness, and lack of caste discrimination. However, he is trapped in a
system that denies him any opportunity to improve his condition.
A powerful scene in the novel is when Bakha accidentally brushes against a high-caste Hindu man in
the marketplace. The man immediately reacts with anger and disgust, shouting at Bakha and calling
him filthy. A crowd gathers, and Bakha is publicly humiliated. This incident shows how deeply
entrenched caste prejudices are in society and how untouchables are treated as subhuman.
The Role of Religion in Perpetuating Untouchability
Anand also critiques the role of religion in maintaining untouchability. The temple scene is a crucial
moment in the novel. Bakha, curious about Hindu religious practices, decides to visit a temple.
However, before he can enter, he is insulted and thrown out for being an untouchable. The priest
himself is guilty of immoral behavior, but still, he considers Bakha too impure to enter the temple.
Through this episode, Anand exposes the hypocrisy of the religious system, which claims to uphold
moral values but perpetuates injustice.
Social and Economic Discrimination
Apart from social exclusion, Anand highlights the economic discrimination faced by untouchables.
They are denied education, good jobs, and decent living conditions. Bakha’s father, Lakha, has
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accepted his fate and does not encourage his son to dream of a better future. This lack of
opportunity keeps untouchables trapped in poverty and prevents any form of social mobility.
Anand’s Solutions to the Problem of Untouchability
Anand does not just present the problem of untouchability but also explores possible solutions.
Towards the end of the novel, Bakha hears three different views on how untouchability can be
eradicated:
1. Religious Reform: Mahatma Gandhi’s speech offers a spiritual and moral solution. Gandhi,
who appears as a character in the novel, condemns untouchability and calls for social
reform. He argues that all human beings are equal and that untouchables, whom he calls
Harijans (children of God), should be treated with love and respect. Gandhi believes that
social awareness and moral education can bring change. However, while Bakha is inspired by
Gandhi’s words, he also doubts whether mere goodwill is enough to change deep-seated
prejudices.
2. Education and Awareness: Another character in the novel suggests that education can
liberate untouchables. If they gain knowledge and awareness, they can demand their rights
and improve their social position. Anand highlights how lack of education is one of the major
reasons why untouchability continues to exist.
3. Technology and Modernization: The most practical solution that impresses Bakha is the
introduction of flush toilets. A poet at the end of the novel suggests that once modern
technology replaces manual scavenging, the social stigma attached to cleaning human waste
will disappear. Bakha realizes that if his job is no longer considered impure, he might be
treated like an ordinary human being. This technological solution seems to be the most
realistic and immediate way to improve the lives of untouchables.
Symbolism in the Novel
Anand uses various symbols to reinforce his message about untouchability:
• The Latrine: The latrine represents the filth that untouchables are forced to deal with, both
physically and socially.
• The British Soldiers: Bakha admires the British soldiers because they treat him with more
respect than his own countrymen. This contrast highlights the hypocrisy of the caste system.
• The Temple: The temple represents religious exclusivity and the denial of spiritual equality
to untouchables.
• The Railway Station: The railway station is a symbol of modernity and progress, hinting at a
future where caste barriers might be broken.
Conclusion
Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable is a powerful social commentary that exposes the cruelty and
injustice of the caste system. Through Bakha’s suffering and aspirations, Anand reveals how
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untouchability corrodes the souls of millions, robbing them of their dignity and humanity. However,
he also offers hope through education, modernization, and social reform.
While the novel was written in the early 20th century, its themes remain relevant even today.
Untouchability, though legally abolished in India, still exists in many forms. Anand’s novel serves as
a reminder that true social change requires not just laws but also a shift in mindset.
Through Untouchable, Anand forces readers to confront an uncomfortable reality and encourages
them to imagine a society where all human beings are treated with respect, regardless of their
birth. His novel is not just a story about one boy’s suffering but a call to action against a deeply
rooted social injustice.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) Comment on the ending of the novel, 'Untouchable'.
(ii) Describe the Hockey match episode in "Untouchable".
(iii) Describe Bakha as an ideal brother and a worthy son.
Ans: (i) Comment on the ending of the novel Untouchable
The ending of Untouchable by Mulk Raj Anand is thought-provoking and open-ended, leaving
readers with several interpretations. The novel concludes with Mahatma Gandhi’s speech, which
Bakha, the protagonist, listens to with great interest. Gandhi talks about the evil of untouchability
and expresses his desire to abolish this inhumane practice. Bakha is deeply influenced by Gandhi’s
words and feels a sense of hope for his future.
However, soon after the speech, Bakha hears another perspective from an educated Indian, who
suggests that modern technology, specifically flush toilets, will ultimately eliminate the need for
manual scavenging and thus end untouchability. This idea confuses Bakha, as he is uncertain
whether social reform through leaders like Gandhi or technological advancement is the real solution
to his suffering.
The novel ends with Bakha walking away, still pondering the possibilities ahead of him. This
conclusion does not provide a clear resolution to his struggles, emphasizing the ongoing nature of
the caste problem in India. It reflects the complexities of social reform, leaving the reader to think
about the real solution to untouchability—whether it lies in moral transformation, legal changes, or
technological progress.
(ii) Describe the Hockey match episode in Untouchable
The hockey match episode in Untouchable is one of the most intense and emotionally charged
moments in the novel. This scene highlights Bakha’s deep yearning for acceptance and equality in
society, as well as the harsh realities of discrimination and injustice.
Bakha, who has been humiliated throughout the day, finds some relief in the game of hockey, a
sport he loves. He gets an opportunity to participate in a match with upper-caste boys, which
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momentarily makes him feel included. However, during the game, an incident occurs that shatters
this brief moment of joy.
A conflict breaks out when Bakha’s team is accused of foul play. In the heated argument that
follows, Bakha’s younger brother, Rakha, is caught in the middle. Suddenly, an upper-caste boy,
enraged by the situation, strikes Bakha’s brother with a hockey stick, injuring him badly. The scene
turns chaotic, and Bakha, filled with helplessness and rage, cannot retaliate. This moment serves as
a harsh reminder of his status in society—he is always at the mercy of those who consider
themselves superior.
This episode is significant because it reinforces the novel’s central theme of social injustice. It shows
that no matter how much Bakha tries to participate in normal social activities, he is constantly
reminded of his untouchable status. The hockey match, which started as an escape for Bakha, ends
in tragedy, highlighting the cruel and rigid caste system that governs his life.
(iii) Describe Bakha as an ideal brother and a worthy son
Bakha is portrayed as a caring and responsible individual who deeply values his family. Despite the
harsh treatment he receives from society, he remains a devoted son to his father, Lakha, and a
protective brother to his younger siblings, Rakha and Sohini.
Bakha as an Ideal Brother
Bakha’s relationship with his sister, Sohini, is one of deep affection and protectiveness. When Sohini
is sexually harassed by Pandit Kali Nath, Bakha is outraged. His anger and helplessness in that
situation reflect his love for her and his frustration at being powerless in a society that denies justice
to the lower castes.
Similarly, Bakha cares for his younger brother, Rakha. He wants Rakha to have a better life and
shields him from the harsh realities of untouchability as much as he can. The hockey match episode
is a clear example of this, where Bakha feels intense pain upon seeing his brother being injured. His
love for Rakha is evident in his reaction—he wants to defend him but is held back by societal
constraints.
Bakha as a Worthy Son
Bakha is also a devoted son who takes on many responsibilities to support his family. His father,
Lakha, is a lazy and hypocritical man who often pretends to be sick to avoid work. Despite this,
Bakha never openly disrespects him. Instead, he takes over the cleaning work without complaint,
ensuring that his family’s livelihood is maintained.
Bakha’s willingness to bear the hardships of his job demonstrates his sense of duty. He works hard
every day, cleaning latrines despite the humiliation he faces. Even when he dreams of escaping his
life as an untouchable, he does not abandon his responsibilities. He remains loyal to his family,
proving himself to be a worthy and dutiful son.
Conclusion
Bakha’s character is complex and deeply human. Through his experiences, Anand paints a vivid
picture of the struggles faced by untouchables in pre-independence India. The ending of the novel,
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the hockey match episode, and Bakha’s relationships with his family all contribute to the central
themes of the book—caste discrimination, social injustice, and the hope for change. Bakha’s story is
not just his own; it represents the plight of millions of people who suffered under the oppressive
caste system. His resilience, kindness, and longing for dignity make him a memorable and relatable
character, whose story continues to resonate with readers even today.
8. (a) Is Untouchable a tragedy or comedy? Explain.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) Describe the temple episode in "Untouchable".
(ii) Comment on the title of the novel, 'Untouchable'.
(iii) Describe The Touching Episode in "Untouchable".
Ans: (a). Is Untouchable a Tragedy or a Comedy?
Mulk Raj Anand’s novel Untouchable is a powerful and moving work that explores the harsh realities
of the caste system in India. The novel, published in 1935, follows a single day in the life of Bakha, a
young boy from the untouchable caste who works as a sweeper. The story sheds light on the deep-
seated discrimination and humiliation faced by those deemed “untouchable” in Indian society. The
question of whether Untouchable is a tragedy or a comedy is important because it helps us
understand the novel’s tone, purpose, and overall message.
To answer this question, we must first understand what constitutes a tragedy and what defines a
comedy. A tragedy is a literary work that depicts the downfall of a character due to fate, personal
flaws, or societal conditions. Tragedies often evoke feelings of pity and sadness. In contrast, a
comedy generally has a lighter tone and often includes elements of humor, irony, and a happy or
satisfying resolution.
Untouchable as a Tragedy
Many aspects of Untouchable suggest that it is a tragedy. The novel portrays Bakha’s life as one of
constant suffering, humiliation, and hopelessness. He is trapped in a rigid caste system that offers
him no opportunities for a better future.
1. Suffering and Humiliation: Bakha’s day begins with him performing his daily duties as a
sweeper, cleaning latrines. He is forced to do this degrading work because of his caste, and
despite his hard work, he receives no respect from the upper-caste people. The worst
moment of his day occurs when he accidentally brushes against an upper-caste man, who
then abuses and humiliates him. The man shouts at him, calling him polluted, and a crowd
gathers to mock and scorn him. This moment highlights the cruelty and inhumanity of the
caste system.
2. Bakha’s Helplessness: Throughout the novel, Bakha struggles to understand why he is
treated so poorly. He wonders if it is because of some fault in himself, but he soon realizes
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that no matter how clean he keeps himself or how well he dresses, society will never accept
him as an equal. This helplessness is a key characteristic of a tragic character—he is doomed
by forces beyond his control.
3. The Failure of Possible Solutions: By the end of the novel, Bakha hears three different
perspectives on how to improve his situation. First, he listens to a Christian missionary who
tells him that converting to Christianity will help him escape his suffering. However, Bakha
does not find this convincing. Second, he hears a speech by Mahatma Gandhi, who
advocates for the abolition of untouchability but still supports the caste system. This
confuses Bakha because it does not seem like a true solution. Finally, a modernist poet
suggests that flush toilets will end the need for manual scavenging, but this too seems like
an impractical and distant hope. All these so-called solutions leave Bakha in the same
hopeless state, reinforcing the novel’s tragic tone.
4. Lack of Resolution: Unlike a comedy, which usually ends with happiness or resolution,
Untouchable leaves Bakha’s fate uncertain. There is no clear answer to his struggles, and he
remains trapped in an unjust system. This lack of a happy or satisfying conclusion is a key
element of tragedy.
Untouchable as a Comedy
Despite its overwhelmingly tragic elements, some aspects of Untouchable could be seen as having a
touch of comedy. However, these comedic elements do not fit the traditional definition of comedy,
which generally involves humor, wit, and a happy ending.
1. Irony in the Novel: One of the few ways Untouchable might be considered comedic is
through its use of irony. For example, Bakha admires the British colonizers and tries to
imitate them, believing that they are superior to Indians. He dresses like an Englishman and
looks up to the British soldiers he sees. However, this admiration is ironic because the British
themselves enforce discriminatory policies in India. This irony, while amusing in some ways,
is actually more tragic than comedic.
2. Moments of Innocence and Hope: There are small moments in the novel where Bakha
dreams of a better future. He enjoys playing hockey with his friends and briefly forgets his
troubles. However, these moments are short-lived and often followed by more suffering.
While comedy typically builds towards a joyful resolution, these fleeting moments of
happiness only emphasize the depth of Bakha’s misery.
3. The Introduction of Possible Solutions: Although none of the solutions presented in the
novel provide an immediate escape for Bakha, the fact that people like Gandhi are
discussing untouchability suggests that change might be possible in the future. This could be
seen as a tiny glimmer of hope, but it is not enough to transform the novel into a comedy.
Conclusion: Untouchable as a Tragic Novel
After analyzing the novel, it is clear that Untouchable is far more of a tragedy than a comedy. The
story is filled with suffering, injustice, and hopelessness. Bakha’s character is tragic because he is
trapped in a system he cannot change. He faces humiliation and rejection at every turn, and
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although he is intelligent and hardworking, his social status prevents him from achieving any
success.
While there are a few moments of irony and fleeting happiness, these do not change the overall
tone of the novel. Instead of ending with laughter or resolution, the novel leaves readers with a
deep sense of sadness and frustration about the reality of untouchability in India.
By portraying Bakha’s life in such a stark and painful manner, Mulk Raj Anand forces readers to
confront the cruelty of the caste system. The novel serves as a powerful critique of social injustice,
making it a tragic masterpiece rather than a comedic one.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) Describe the temple episode in "Untouchable".
(ii) Comment on the title of the novel, 'Untouchable'.
(iii) Describe The Touching Episode in "Untouchable".
Ans: (b). The Temple Episode in "Untouchable"
Mulk Raj Anand's novel Untouchable follows the story of Bakha, a young boy from the
untouchable caste, who faces discrimination and humiliation at every step of his life. The
temple episode is one of the most significant moments in the novel, as it highlights the
deep-rooted caste system and the religious hypocrisy prevalent in Indian society at the time.
In the temple episode, Bakha, while wandering through the town after being abused by
upper-caste Hindus, is drawn towards a temple. He is fascinated by its grandeur, the chants,
and the devotion of the people. The temple represents something sacred and divine,
something that Bakha, being an untouchable, has never been allowed to access.
As Bakha watches from a distance, he is curious and eager to witness the rituals inside.
Despite his knowledge that he is not permitted to enter, his innocence and longing push him
forward. However, before he can get too close, a priest inside the temple notices him and
immediately raises an alarm. The priest and other worshippers accuse Bakha of polluting the
sacred space simply by his presence. The priest, despite his supposed devotion to God,
insults Bakha and orders him to leave immediately.
The irony of this situation is evident when the same priest who accuses Bakha of defiling the
temple is later revealed to be involved in immoral behavior. This exposes the hypocrisy of
the so-called religious men, who claim to be pure but are morally corrupt. Through this
episode, Anand criticizes the rigid caste system and highlights the plight of untouchables,
who are denied basic human rights and dignity.
This temple incident is a turning point for Bakha, as it reinforces his awareness of the harsh
realities of his social status. It deepens his frustration and ignites a desire for change, which
is further explored in the novel.
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Comment on the Title of the Novel, "Untouchable"
The title of Mulk Raj Anand’s novel, Untouchable, is deeply significant and symbolic. It
directly refers to the protagonist, Bakha, and his social status as a member of the
untouchable caste. The word “untouchable” in itself is a powerful term, reflecting not just a
caste classification but also the deep-seated discrimination and social exclusion faced by
millions in India.
The title highlights the key theme of the novel: the dehumanization of individuals based on
caste. Bakha, like many others of his caste, is seen as impure by the upper castes and is
forbidden from coming into physical contact with them. Even accidental contact, as seen in
the episode where Bakha is abused for brushing against a high-caste man, leads to public
humiliation and punishment. The title thus captures the core of the protagonist’s suffering
and the rigid, unjust social structure of the time.
Furthermore, the title also has a metaphorical meaning. It signifies not just physical
untouchability but also social and emotional alienation. Bakha is treated as an outcast, not
allowed to enter temples, use public wells, or even be part of the mainstream social fabric.
This isolation extends beyond physical contact; it is a psychological and emotional rejection
of an entire community.
Anand’s choice of title also serves as a critique of the caste system. It forces the reader to
confront the cruelty and inhumanity of treating people as untouchable, questioning the
moral and ethical foundations of such discrimination. The novel, through its detailed
depiction of Bakha’s experiences, compels readers to sympathize with his plight and
recognize the need for social reform.
Thus, the title Untouchable is apt, as it encapsulates the novel’s themes of social injustice,
discrimination, and the struggle for human dignity.
The Touching Episode in "Untouchable"
One of the most striking episodes in Untouchable is when Bakha, lost in his thoughts and
routine, accidentally brushes against a high-caste Hindu man in the marketplace. This
incident, seemingly minor, has grave consequences and serves as a powerful moment in the
novel, exposing the harsh realities of the caste system.
Bakha, as a sweeper, is required to announce his presence in public spaces so that high-
caste individuals can avoid physical contact with him. However, in a moment of distraction,
he forgets to do so. As a result, he unintentionally touches a Brahmin man, who
immediately reacts with outrage. The man starts shouting, accusing Bakha of polluting him.
A crowd gathers, and Bakha is subjected to verbal abuse and humiliation. The man curses
him, and the bystanders reinforce the caste prejudices, treating Bakha as if he has
committed a serious crime.
What makes this episode even more impactful is Bakha’s reaction. He feels deep shame and
helplessness, not because he believes he has done something wrong, but because he has
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been conditioned to accept his inferiority. He tries to apologize, but his words are ignored.
The fear of further punishment and ostracization leaves him feeling small and powerless.
This incident is significant because it highlights the cruelty of the caste system, where a
mere touch by an untouchable is seen as defilement. The disproportionate reaction of the
upper-caste man showcases the extreme social hierarchy and how untouchables are denied
even the most basic dignity.
Furthermore, the episode serves as a moment of realization for Bakha. It forces him to
reflect on the unfairness of the system and deepens his internal struggle. He starts
questioning why he is treated this way and whether there is any hope for change. This
internal conflict is explored further as the novel progresses, leading to encounters with
figures like Mahatma Gandhi and a modernist poet, who present different perspectives on
social reform.
In conclusion, the touching episode in Untouchable is a pivotal moment in the novel. It
starkly portrays the oppression faced by untouchables, the hypocrisy of the upper castes,
and the emotional turmoil of a young boy who simply seeks dignity and respect. Anand uses
this episode to evoke empathy from the reader and to criticize the rigid caste system,
advocating for a more just and humane society.
Conclusion
Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable is a powerful social commentary that exposes the
inhumanity of caste-based discrimination. Through episodes like the temple incident and
the touching incident, the novel presents a vivid picture of the daily struggles of an
untouchable boy. The title itself serves as a reminder of the deep-seated injustices that
need to be addressed. By telling Bakha’s story with such raw honesty, Anand forces readers
to confront the reality of untouchability and consider the need for social reform.
The novel remains relevant even today, as caste-based discrimination continues in many
forms. It is a call for equality, dignity, and justice for all, regardless of caste or social status.
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